Yellow fever: profile of cases and factors associated with death in a hospital in the State of Rio de Janeiro, 2017-2018.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the clinical and epidemiological profile of confirmed cases of yellow fever whose patients were hospitalized in a general hospital for infectious diseases in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from March 11, 2017 to June 15, 2018, during a recent outbreak and factors associated with death. METHODS: This is a retrospective observational study with analysis of secondary databases of local epidemiological surveillance system, and complementary data collection from epidemiological investigation records and clinical records. Study variables included demographic, epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory data. A descriptive statistical analysis and a bivariate and multivariate analysis by logistic regression were performed to analyze factors associated with death. RESULTS: Fifty-two patients diagnosed with yellow fever were hospitalized, 86.5% male patients, median age 49.5 years, 40.4% rural workers. The most frequent signs and symptoms were fever (90.4%), jaundice (86.5%), nausea and/or vomiting (69.2%), changes in renal excretion (53.8%), bleeding (50%), and abdominal pain (48.1%), with comorbidity in 38.5% of all cases. The lethality rate was 40.4%. Factors significantly associated with a higher chance of death in the bivariate analysis were: bleeding, changes in renal excretion, and maximum values of direct bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, and creatinine. In the multivariate analysis by logistic regression, only changes in renal excretion and ALT remained significant predictors of higher chance of death. A threshold effect was also observed for AST. The cutoff points identified as high risk for death were ALT > 4,000 U/L and AST > 6,000 U/L. CONCLUSIONS: This study contributed to the knowledge on the profile of confirmed cases of high severity yellow fever. The main factors associated with death were changes in renal excretion and elevated serum transaminases, especially ALT. High lethality emphasizes the need for early diagnosis and treatment, and the importance of increasing vaccination coverage.

Yellow fever: profile of cases and factors associated with death in a hospital in the State of Rio de Janeiro, 2017-2018 / Febre amarela: perfil dos casos e fatores associados ao óbito em hospital referência no estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2017-2018

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Describe the clinical and epidemiological profile of confirmed cases of yellow fever whose patients were hospitalized in a general hospital for infectious diseases in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from March 11, 2017 to June 15, 2018, during a recent outbreak and factors associated with death. METHODS This is a retrospective observational study with analysis of secondary databases of local epidemiological surveillance system, and complementary data collection from epidemiological investigation records and clinical records. Study variables included demographic, epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory data. A descriptive statistical analysis and a bivariate and multivariate analysis by logistic regression were performed to analyze factors associated with death. RESULTS Fifty-two patients diagnosed with yellow fever were hospitalized, 86.5% male patients, median age 49.5 years, 40.4% rural workers. The most frequent signs and symptoms were fever (90.4%), jaundice (86.5%), nausea and/or vomiting (69.2%), changes in renal excretion (53.8%), bleeding (50%), and abdominal pain (48.1%), with comorbidity in 38.5% of all cases. The lethality rate was 40.4%. Factors significantly associated with a higher chance of death in the bivariate analysis were: bleeding, changes in renal excretion, and maximum values of direct bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, and creatinine. In the multivariate analysis by logistic regression, only changes in renal excretion and ALT remained significant predictors of higher chance of death. A threshold effect was also observed for AST. The cutoff points identified as high risk for death were ALT > 4,000 U/L and AST > 6,000 U/L. CONCLUSIONS This study contributed to the knowledge on the profile of confirmed cases of high severity yellow fever. The main factors associated with death were changes in renal excretion and elevated serum transaminases, especially ALT. High lethality emphasizes the need for early diagnosis and treatment, and the importance of increasing vaccination coverage.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever o perfil clínico-epidemiológico dos casos confirmados de febre amarela internados em hospital geral de referência para doenças infecciosas no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, de 11 de março de 2017 a 15 de junho de 2018, durante recente surto e fatores associados ao óbito. MÉTODOS Estudo observacional retrospectivo, com análise de bases de dados secundários da vigilância epidemiológica local e coleta complementar de dados nas fichas de investigação epidemiológica e prontuários clínicos. As variáveis analisadas incluíram dados demográficos, epidemiológicos, clínicos e laboratoriais. Foi conduzida análise estatística descritiva bivariada e múltipla por regressão logística para estudo de fatores associados ao óbito. RESULTADOS Foram internados 52 casos confirmados, 86,5% deles homens, com mediana de idade de 49,5 anos e 40,4% trabalhadores rurais. Os sinais e sintomas mais frequentes foram: febre (90,4%), icterícia (86,5%), náuseas e/ou vômitos (69,2%), alterações de excreção renal (53,8%), hemorragias (50%) e dor abdominal (48,1%), com comorbidade em 38,5% dos casos. A letalidade foi de 40,4%. Os fatores associados significativamente à maior chance de óbito na análise bivariada foram: hemorragia, alterações de excreção renal e valores máximos de bilirrubina direta, aspartato aminotransferase (AST), alanina aminotransferase (ALT), ureia e creatinina. Na análise múltipla por regressão logística, apenas alterações de excreção renal e ALT permaneceram como preditores significativos de maior chance de óbito. Observou-se ainda efeito limítrofe para AST. Os pontos de corte identificados como de alto risco para óbito foram ALT > 4.000 U/L e AST > 6.000 U/L. CONCLUSÕES O estudo contribuiu para o conhecimento do perfil de casos confirmados de febre amarela com gravidade alta. Os principais fatores associados ao óbito foram a alteração da excreção renal e a elevação sérica de transaminases, sobretudo a ALT. A letalidade elevada reforça a necessidade de diagnóstico e tratamento precoces, e a importância do incremento da cobertura vacinal.

Pessoas vivendo com Aids no Brasil: desigualdades regionais e entre populações vulneráveis na era pós-terapia antirretroviral tardia / People living with AIDS in Brazil: regional inequalities within and among vulnerable populations in was delayed after antiretroviral therapy

Ao final de 2012, existiam no mundo mais de 35,3 milhões [32,2-38,8] de pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS. No Brasil, 686.478 casos de AIDS foram notificados entre 1980 e junho de2013, dos quais aproximadamente 313.000 seguem em uso de Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Potência (TARV), disponibilizada por meio das unidades do Sistema Único de Saúde(SUS), o que representa 44 por cento do total de 718.000 casos no país. Os avanços no tratamento da infecção, com a introdução da TARV, resultaram em importantes melhorias relativas às obrevida de PLWHA (do acrônimo em inglês People Living with HIV/AIDS), com importante redução da morbimortalidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, através de diferentes estratégias metodológicas, a difusão espacial da epidemia de HIV/AIDS no país e o impacto do acesso à TARV na sobrevida após o diagnóstico de AIDS, entre indivíduos inseridos em diferentes categorias de exposição. Consideraram-se os casos diagnosticados de AIDS, em maiores de 18 anos, no período 1998-2011. Foram utilizados dados das seguintes bases: SINAN-AIDS (referente a casos); SISCEL (referente a procedimentos laboratoriais); SICLOM (relativo à dispensação de medicamentos antirretrovirais) e SIM (sistema nacional de mortalidade), que foram integradas através de um processo de relacionamento probabilístico (linkage). Primeiramente, realizou-se a análise da difusão espacial da epidemia no Brasil, no período 1998-2008, através do método bayesiano empírico local. Realizou-se ainda uma análise de sobrevida dos casos de AIDS notificados no período 2000-2011 no município do Rio de Janeiro, cujas categorias de notificação tenham sido: usuários de drogas injetáveis (PWID no acrônimo em língua inglesa), homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH) e heterossexuais (homens e mulheres)...

At the end of 2012, there were in the world more than 35.3 million [32.2-38.8] people livingwith HIV/AIDS. In Brazil, 686,478 cases of AIDS were reported between 1980 and June 2013, of which approximately 313,000 follow on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), available through the units of the Unified National Health System (SUS), which represents 44 percent of 718,000 cases in the whole country. Advances in the treatment ofinfection with the introduction of HAART resulted in significant improvements on survival ofPLWHA (People Living with HIV/AIDS), with a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate, through different methodological strategies, the spatialspread of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the country and the impact of access to HAART onsurvival after AIDS diagnosis between individuals within different exposure categories. We considered AIDS cases in people with 18 years and over, diagnosed in the period 1998-2011. We used data from the following bases: SINAN-AIDS (notifiable diseases system); SISCEL (regarding laboratory procedures); SICLOM (concerning the dispensing of antiretroviral drugs) and SIM (mortality national system), which were integrated in a process of probabilistic relationship (linkage). First, it was performed the spatial analysis of the spread of the epidemic in Brazil, in the period 1998-2008, through the empirical Bayesian method...